1. Gabatarwa
A nune-nunen na baya-bayan nan, kamfanoni daban-daban suna bayyana ma'aunin gamut launi daban-daban don nunin su, kamar NTSC, sRGB, Adobe RGB, DCI-P3, da BT.2020. Wannan bambance-bambancen ya sa ya zama ƙalubale don kwatanta bayanan gamut ɗin launi kai tsaye a cikin kamfanoni daban-daban, kuma wani lokacin panel mai 65% gamut launi yana bayyana mafi ƙarfi fiye da wanda ke da gamut ɗin launi na 72%, yana haifar da rudani a tsakanin masu sauraro. Tare da ci gaban fasaha, ƙarin ɗimbin dot (QD) TVs da OLED TV tare da gamut masu launi masu faɗi suna shiga kasuwa. Suna iya nuna launuka masu haske na musamman. Don haka, Ina so in samar da cikakkiyar taƙaitaccen ƙa'idodin gamut masu launi a cikin masana'antar nuni, da fatan taimakawa ƙwararrun masana'antu.
2. Ra'ayi da Ƙididdiga na Gamut Launi
Da farko, bari mu gabatar da manufar gamut launi. A cikin masana'antar nuni, gamut launi yana nufin kewayon launuka waɗanda na'urar zata iya nunawa. Girman gamut ɗin launi, mafi faɗin kewayon launuka da na'urar za ta iya nunawa, kuma gwargwadon ƙarfinta na nuni da launuka masu haske (launi masu tsafta). Gabaɗaya, gamut ɗin launi na NTSC na TV na yau da kullun yana kusa da 68% zuwa 72%. TV tare da gamut launi na NTSC wanda ya fi 92% ana ɗaukarsa babban launi jikewa/faɗin launi gamut (WCG), yawanci ana samun su ta hanyar fasaha kamar quantum dot QLED, OLED, ko babban launi jikewar hasken baya.
Ga idon ɗan adam, tsinkayen launi abu ne mai ƙima sosai, kuma ba shi yiwuwa a iya sarrafa launuka daidai da ido kaɗai. A cikin haɓaka samfuri, ƙira, da masana'anta, dole ne a ƙididdige launi don cimma daidaito da daidaito a cikin haifuwar launi. A cikin duniyar gaske, launukan bakan da ake iya gani sune mafi girman sararin gamut launi, wanda ke dauke da dukkan launukan da ake iya gani a idon dan adam. Don wakilcin ra'ayi na gamut launi na gani, Hukumar Kula da Haske ta Duniya (CIE) ta kafa zane-zane na CIE-xy chromaticity. Ma'auni na chromaticity sune ma'auni na CIE don ƙididdige launi, ma'ana kowane launi a yanayi ana iya wakilta shi azaman ma'ana (x, y) akan zanen chromaticity.
Hoton da ke ƙasa yana nuna zane-zane na CIE chromaticity, inda duk launuka a cikin yanayi ke ƙunshe a cikin yanki mai siffar takalman doki. Yankin triangular a cikin zane yana wakiltar gamut launi. Matsalolin triangle sune launuka na farko (RGB) na na'urar nuni, kuma launukan da za a iya samu ta waɗannan launuka na farko guda uku suna ƙunshe a cikin triangle. A bayyane yake, saboda bambance-bambance a cikin daidaitawar launi na farko na na'urorin nuni daban-daban, matsayin triangle ya bambanta, yana haifar da gamut launi daban-daban. Girman triangle, girman gamut launi. Dabarar ƙididdige gamut launi shine:
Gamut=ASALCD×100%
inda ALCD ke wakiltar yanki na alwatika da aka samar ta hanyar launuka na farko na nunin LCD da ake aunawa, kuma AS na wakiltar yanki na daidaitaccen alwatika na launuka na farko. Don haka, gamut launi shine rabon kaso na yankin gamut ɗin launi na nuni zuwa yankin daidaitaccen alwatika gamut launi, tare da bambance-bambancen da suka samo asali daga ma'anar daidaitawar launi na farko da kuma sararin launi da aka yi amfani da shi. Wuraren launi na farko da ake amfani da su a halin yanzu sune CIE 1931 xy chromaticity space da CIE 1976 u'v' sarari launi. Gamut ɗin launi da aka ƙididdigewa a cikin waɗannan wurare guda biyu ya bambanta kaɗan, amma bambancin ɗan ƙarami ne, don haka gabatarwa da ƙarshe na gaba sun dogara ne akan sararin CIE 1931 xy chromaticity.
Gamut na Pointer yana wakiltar kewayon ainihin launukan saman da ake iya gani ga idon ɗan adam. An gabatar da wannan ma'aunin bisa ga binciken da Michael R. Pointer (1980) ya yi kuma ya ƙunshi tarin ainihin launuka masu haske (marasa kai tsaye) a cikin yanayi. Kamar yadda aka nuna a cikin zane, yana samar da gamut mara kyau. Idan gamut ɗin launi na nuni zai iya mamaye Gamut na Pointer, ana ɗaukarsa yana iya yin daidaitattun launuka na duniyar halitta.
Ma'auni Gamut Launi Daban-daban
Babban darajar NTSC
Ma'aunin gamut launi na NTSC yana ɗaya daga cikin ma'auni na farko kuma mafi yawan amfani da su a masana'antar nuni. Idan samfurin bai ƙayyadadden ƙayyadaddun ƙayyadaddun gamut ɗin launi ba, ana ɗauka gabaɗaya yana amfani da ma'aunin NTSC. NTSC tana wakiltar Kwamitin Ka'idodin Talabijin na Ƙasa, wanda ya kafa wannan ma'aunin gamut ɗin launi a cikin 1953. Haɗin kai sune kamar haka:
Gamut launi na NTSC yana da faɗi da yawa fiye da gamut launi na sRGB. Tsarin jujjuyawar da ke tsakanin su shine "100% sRGB = 72% NTSC," wanda ke nufin yankunan 100% sRGB da 72% NTSC sun yi daidai, ba wai gamut ɗin launin su gaba ɗaya ya zo ba. Ma'anar fassarar tsakanin NTSC da Adobe RGB shine "100% Adobe RGB = 95% NTSC." Daga cikin ukun, gamut launi na NTSC shine mafi fadi, sai Adobe RGB, sannan sRGB.
sRGB/Rec.709 Launi Gamut Standard
sRGB (misali Red Green Blue) ka'idar harshen launi ce ta Microsoft da HP a cikin 1996 don samar da daidaitacciyar hanya don ma'anar launuka, ba da damar daidaita launi a cikin nuni, firintocin, da na'urorin daukar hoto. Yawancin na'urorin siyan hoto na dijital suna goyan bayan daidaitattun sRGB, kamar kyamarori na dijital, camcorders, scanners, da masu saka idanu. Bugu da ƙari, kusan duk na'urorin bugu da tsinkaya suna goyan bayan ma'aunin sRGB. Ma'aunin gamut launi na Rec.709 yayi daidai da sRGB kuma ana iya ɗauka daidai. Ma'aunin Rec.2020 da aka sabunta yana da gamut ɗin launi na farko mai faɗi, wanda za'a tattauna daga baya. Madaidaitan launi na farko don ma'aunin sRGB sune kamar haka:
sRGB shine cikakkiyar ma'auni don sarrafa launi, saboda ana iya karɓe shi iri ɗaya daga ɗaukar hoto da dubawa don nunawa da bugawa. Koyaya, saboda iyakokin lokacin da aka ayyana shi, ma'aunin gamut ɗin launi na sRGB yayi ƙanƙanta, yana rufe kusan 72% na gamut ɗin launi na NTSC. A zamanin yau, yawancin TVs cikin sauƙi sun wuce gamut launi 100% sRGB.
Adobe RGB Color Gamut Standard
Adobe RGB ƙwararren ma'aunin gamut launi ne wanda aka haɓaka tare da haɓaka fasahar daukar hoto. Yana da sararin launi mai faɗi fiye da sRGB kuma Adobe ya gabatar da shi a cikin 1998. Ya haɗa da gamut launi na CMYK, wanda baya cikin sRGB, yana samar da mafi kyawun launi. Ga masu sana'a a cikin bugu, daukar hoto, da ƙira waɗanda ke buƙatar daidaitattun gyare-gyaren launi, nunin da ke amfani da gamut ɗin launi na Adobe RGB sun fi dacewa. CMYK wuri ne mai launi bisa ga hadawar pigment, wanda aka saba amfani dashi a cikin masana'antar bugu kuma da wuya a cikin masana'antar nuni.
DCI-P3 Launi Gamut Standard
Ma'aunin gamut launi na DCI-P3 an bayyana shi ta Digital Cinema Initiatives (DCI) kuma Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers (SMPTE) ya fitar a cikin 2010. An fi amfani dashi don tsarin talabijin da silima. An tsara ma'aunin DCI-P3 tun asali don majigi na cinema. Madaidaitan launi na farko don ma'aunin DCI-P3 sune kamar haka:
Ma'auni na DCI-P3 yana raba haɗin kai na farko na shuɗi ɗaya tare da sRGB da Adobe RGB. Babban haɗin kai na ja shine na 615nm monochromatic Laser, wanda ya fi haske fiye da NTSC ja na farko. Koren farko na DCI-P3 yana da ɗan rawaya idan aka kwatanta da Adobe RGB/NTSC, amma ya fi haske. Yankin gamut launi na farko na DCI-P3 shine kusan kashi 90% na ma'aunin NTSC.
Matsakaicin Gamut Launi Rec.2020/BT.2020
Rec.2020 babban ma'aunin Talabijin ne na Maɗaukaki (UHD-TV) wanda ya haɗa da ƙayyadaddun gamut launi. Tare da ci gaban fasaha, ƙudurin talabijin da gamut ɗin launi suna ci gaba da ingantawa, yana sa ma'auni na gargajiya na Rec.709 bai isa ba. Rec.2020, wanda Ƙungiyar Sadarwa ta Duniya (ITU) ta gabatar a cikin 2012, yana da yanki gamut mai launi kusan sau biyu na Rec.709. Babban daidaitawar launi na Rec.2020 sune kamar haka:
Ma'auni gamut launi na Rec.2020 ya ƙunshi duka sRGB da Adobe RGB. Kusan 0.02% na DCI-P3 da NTSC 1953 launi gamut sun faɗi a waje da gamut ɗin launi na Rec.2020, wanda ba shi da komai. Rec.2020 yana rufe kashi 99.9% na Gamut Pointer, yana mai da shi mafi girman ma'aunin gamut launi tsakanin waɗanda aka tattauna. Tare da ci gaban fasaha da kuma karbuwar UHD TVs, mizanin Rec.2020 zai zama mai yaduwa a hankali.
Kammalawa
Wannan labarin ya fara gabatar da ma'ana da hanyar lissafin gamut launi, sannan yayi cikakken bayani game da ma'aunin gamut ɗin launi na gama gari a cikin masana'antar nuni tare da kwatanta su. Daga hangen nesa, girman dangantakar waɗannan ka'idodin gamut launi kamar haka: Rec.2020> NTSC> Adobe RGB> DCI-P3> Rec.709/sRGB. Lokacin kwatanta gamut ɗin launi na nuni daban-daban, yana da mahimmanci a yi amfani da ma'auni iri ɗaya da sarari launi don guje wa kwatanta lambobi a makance. Ina fatan wannan labarin zai taimaka wa ƙwararru a cikin masana'antar nuni. Don ƙarin bayani kan ƙwararrun nunin LED, don Allahtuntuɓar RTLEDtawagar kwararru.
Lokacin aikawa: Yuli-15-2024